Curriculum Browser

Pupils should be taught to:
understand and use place value for decimals, measures and integers of any size
order positive and negative integers, decimals and fractions; use the number line as a model for ordering of the real numbers; use the symbols =, ≠, <, >, ≤, ≥
use the concepts and vocabulary of prime numbers, factors (or divisors), multiples, common factors, common multiples, highest common factor, lowest common multiple, prime factorisation, including using product notation and the unique factorisation property
use the 4 operations, including formal written methods, applied to integers, decimals, proper and improper fractions, and mixed numbers, all both positive and negative
use conventional notation for the priority of operations, including brackets, powers, roots and reciprocals
recognise and use relationships between operations including inverse operations
use integer powers and associated real roots (square, cube and higher), recognise powers of 2, 3, 4, 5 and distinguish between exact representations of roots and their decimal approximations
interpret and compare numbers in standard form A x 10^(n) 1≤A<10, where n is a positive or negative integer or 0
work interchangeably with terminating decimals and their corresponding fractions (such as 3.5 and 7/2 or 0.375 and 3/8)
define percentage as ‘number of parts per hundred’, interpret percentages and percentage changes as a fraction or a decimal, interpret these multiplicatively, express 1 quantity as a percentage of another, compare 2 quantities using percentages, and work with percentages greater than 100%
interpret fractions and percentages as operators
use standard units of mass, length, time, money and other measures, including with decimal quantities
round numbers and measures to an appropriate degree of accuracy [for example, to a number of decimal places or significant figures]
use approximation through rounding to estimate answers and calculate possible resulting errors expressed using inequality notation a<x≤b
use a calculator and other technologies to calculate results accurately and then interpret them appropriately
appreciate the infinite nature of the sets of integers, real and rational numbers

Pupils should be taught to:
record, describe and analyse the frequency of outcomes of simple probability experiments involving randomness, fairness, equally and unequally likely outcomes, using appropriate language and the 0-1 probability scale
understand that the probabilities of all possible outcomes sum to 1
enumerate sets and unions/intersections of sets systematically, using tables, grids and Venn diagrams
generate theoretical sample spaces for single and combined events with equally likely, mutually exclusive outcomes and use these to calculate theoretical probabilities

Pupils should be taught to:
change freely between related standard units [for example time, length, area, volume/capacity, mass]
use scale factors, scale diagrams and maps
express 1 quantity as a fraction of another, where the fraction is less than 1 and greater than 1
use ratio notation, including reduction to simplest form
divide a given quantity into 2 parts in a given part:part or part:whole ratio; express the division of a quantity into 2 parts as a ratio
understand that a multiplicative relationship between 2 quantities can be expressed as a ratio or a fraction
relate the language of ratios and the associated calculations to the arithmetic of fractions and to linear functions
solve problems involving percentage change, including: percentage increase, decrease and original value problems and simple interest in financial mathematics
solve problems involving direct and inverse proportion, including graphical and algebraic representations
use compound units such as speed, unit pricing and density to solve problems

Pupils should be taught to:
describe, interpret and compare observed distributions of a single variable through: appropriate graphical representation involving discrete, continuous and grouped data; and appropriate measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median) and spread (range, consideration of outliers)
construct and interpret appropriate tables, charts, and diagrams, including frequency tables, bar charts, pie charts, and pictograms for categorical data, and vertical line (or bar) charts for ungrouped and grouped numerical data
describe simple mathematical relationships between 2 variables (bivariate data) in observational and experimental contexts and illustrate using scatter graphs

Biology
Pupils should be taught about:
Structure and function of living organisms
Cells and organisation
cells as the fundamental unit of living organisms, including how to observe, interpret and record cell structure using a light microscope
the functions of the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria and chloroplasts
the similarities and differences between plant and animal cells
the role of diffusion in the movement of materials in and between cells
the structural adaptations of some unicellular organisms
the hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms: from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms
The skeletal and muscular systems
the structure and functions of the human skeleton, to include support, protection, movement and making blood cells
biomechanics – the interaction between skeleton and muscles, including the measurement of force exerted by different muscles
the function of muscles and examples of antagonistic muscles
Nutrition and digestion
the content of a healthy human diet: carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and water, and why each is needed
calculations of energy requirements in a healthy daily diet
the consequences of imbalances in the diet, including obesity, starvation and deficiency diseases
the tissues and organs of the human digestive system, including adaptations to function and how the digestive system digests food (enzymes simply as biological catalysts)
the importance of bacteria in the human digestive system
plants making carbohydrates in their leaves by photosynthesis and gaining mineral nutrients and water from the soil via their roots
Gas exchange systems
the structure and functions of the gas exchange system in humans, including adaptations to function
the mechanism of breathing to move air in and out of the lungs, using a pressure model to explain the movement of gases, including simple measurements of lung volume
the impact of exercise, asthma and smoking on the human gas exchange system
the role of leaf stomata in gas exchange in plants
Reproduction
reproduction in humans (as an example of a mammal), including the structure and function of the male and female reproductive systems, menstrual cycle (without details of hormones), gametes, fertilisation, gestation and birth, to include the effect of maternal lifestyle on the foetus through the placenta
reproduction in plants, including flower structure, wind and insect pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation and dispersal, including quantitative investigation of some dispersal mechanisms
Health
the effects of recreational drugs (including substance misuse) on behaviour, health and life processes
Material cycles and energy
Photosynthesis
the reactants in, and products of, photosynthesis, and a word summary for photosynthesis
the dependence of almost all life on Earth on the ability of photosynthetic organisms, such as plants and algae, to use sunlight in photosynthesis to build organic molecules that are an essential energy store and to maintain levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
the adaptations of leaves for photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
aerobic and anaerobic respiration in living organisms, including the breakdown of organic molecules to enable all the other chemical processes necessary for life
a word summary for aerobic respiration
the process of anaerobic respiration in humans and micro-organisms, including fermentation, and a word summary for anaerobic respiration
the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of the reactants, the products formed and the implications for the organism
Interactions and interdependencies
Relationships in an ecosystem
the interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, including food webs and insect pollinated crops
the importance of plant reproduction through insect pollination in human food security
how organisms affect, and are affected by, their environment, including the accumulation of toxic materials
Genetics and evolution
Inheritance, chromosomes, DNA and genes
heredity as the process by which genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next
a simple model of chromosomes, genes and DNA in heredity, including the part played by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin in the development of the DNA model
differences between species
the variation between individuals within a species being continuous or discontinuous, to include measurement and graphical representation of variation
the variation between species and between individuals of the same species meaning some organisms compete more successfully, which can drive natural selection
changes in the environment which may leave individuals within a species, and some entire species, less well adapted to compete successfully and reproduce, which in turn may lead to extinction
the importance of maintaining biodiversity and the use of gene banks to preserve hereditary material

Physics
Pupils should be taught about:
Energy
Calculation of fuel uses and costs in the domestic context
comparing energy values of different foods (from labels) (kJ)
comparing power ratings of appliances in watts (W, kW)
comparing amounts of energy transferred (J, kJ, kW hour)
domestic fuel bills, fuel use and costs
fuels and energy resources
Energy changes and transfers
simple machines give bigger force but at the expense of smaller movement (and vice versa): product of force and displacement unchanged
heating and thermal equilibrium: temperature difference between 2 objects leading to energy transfer from the hotter to the cooler one, through contact (conduction) or radiation; such transfers tending to reduce the temperature difference; use of insulators
other processes that involve energy transfer: changing motion, dropping an object, completing an electrical circuit, stretching a spring, metabolism of food, burning fuels
Changes in systems
energy as a quantity that can be quantified and calculated; the total energy has the same value before and after a change
comparing the starting with the final conditions of a system and describing increases and decreases in the amounts of energy associated with movements, temperatures, changes in positions in a field, in elastic distortions and in chemical compositions
using physical processes and mechanisms, rather than energy, to explain the intermediate steps that bring about such changes
Motion and forces
Describing motion
speed and the quantitative relationship between average speed, distance and time (speed = distance ÷ time)
the representation of a journey on a distance-time graph
relative motion: trains and cars passing one another
Forces
forces as pushes or pulls, arising from the interaction between 2 objects
using force arrows in diagrams, adding forces in 1 dimension, balanced and unbalanced forces
moment as the turning effect of a force
forces: associated with deforming objects; stretching and squashing – springs; with rubbing and friction between surfaces, with pushing things out of the way; resistance to motion of air and water
forces measured in newtons, measurements of stretch or compression as force is changed
force-extension linear relation; Hooke’s Law as a special case
work done and energy changes on deformation
non-contact forces: gravity forces acting at a distance on Earth and in space, forces between magnets, and forces due to static electricity
Pressure in fluids
atmospheric pressure, decreases with increase of height as weight of air above decreases with height
pressure in liquids, increasing with depth; upthrust effects, floating and sinking
pressure measured by ratio of force over area – acting normal to any surface
Balanced forces
opposing forces and equilibrium: weight held by stretched spring or supported on a compressed surface
Forces and motion
forces being needed to cause objects to stop or start moving, or to change their speed or direction of motion (qualitative only)
change depending on direction of force and its size
Waves
Observed waves
waves on water as undulations which travel through water with transverse motion; these waves can be reflected, and add or cancel – superposition
Sound waves
frequencies of sound waves, measured in hertz (Hz); echoes, reflection and absorption of sound
sound needs a medium to travel, the speed of sound in air, in water, in solids
sound produced by vibrations of objects, in loudspeakers, detected by their effects on microphone diaphragm and the ear drum; sound waves are longitudinal
the auditory range of humans and animals
Energy and waves
pressure waves transferring energy; use for cleaning and physiotherapy by ultrasound; waves transferring information for conversion to electrical signals by microphone
Light waves
the similarities and differences between light waves and waves in matter
light waves travelling through a vacuum; speed of light
the transmission of light through materials: absorption, diffuse scattering and specular reflection at a surface
use of ray model to explain imaging in mirrors, the pinhole camera, the refraction of light and action of convex lens in focusing (qualitative); the human eye
light transferring energy from source to absorber, leading to chemical and electrical effects; photosensitive material in the retina and in cameras
colours and the different frequencies of light, white light and prisms (qualitative only); differential colour effects in absorption and diffuse reflection
Electricity and electromagnetism
Current electricity
electric current, measured in amperes, in circuits, series and parallel circuits, currents add where branches meet and current as flow of charge
potential difference, measured in volts, battery and bulb ratings; resistance, measured in ohms, as the ratio of potential difference (p.d.) to current
differences in resistance between conducting and insulating components (quantitative)
Static electricity
separation of positive or negative charges when objects are rubbed together: transfer of electrons, forces between charged objects
the idea of electric field, forces acting across the space between objects not in contact
Magnetism
magnetic poles, attraction and repulsion
magnetic fields by plotting with compass, representation by field lines
Earth’s magnetism, compass and navigation
the magnetic effect of a current, electromagnets, DC motors (principles only)
Matter
Physical changes
conservation of material and of mass, and reversibility, in melting, freezing, evaporation, sublimation, condensation, dissolving
similarities and differences, including density differences, between solids, liquids and gases
Brownian motion in gases
diffusion in liquids and gases driven by differences in concentration
the difference between chemical and physical changes
Particle model
the differences in arrangements, in motion and in closeness of particles explaining changes of state, shape and density; the anomaly of ice-water transition
atoms and molecules as particles
Energy in matter
changes with temperature in motion and spacing of particles
internal energy stored in materials
Space physics
gravity force, weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g), on Earth g=10 N/kg, different on other planets and stars; gravity forces between Earth and Moon, and between Earth and sun (qualitative only)
our sun as a star, other stars in our galaxy, other galaxies
the seasons and the Earth’s tilt, day length at different times of year, in different hemispheres
the light year as a unit of astronomical distance